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The global strategic confrontation continued. With the development and implementation of new types of communication, supply chains using ballistic missiles, and even projects to place nuclear weapons in orbit, 2023 will be remembered for the active fusion of the space and defense spheres.
In the two previous installments of this series, we recounted the history of humanity’s study of the Red Planet – from the very first missions to the present. Today we will talk about future Martian explorers: ExoMars, Mars Orbiter Mission 2, EscaPADE, Mars Sample Return and SpaceX dreams.
Read about the development of the European Space Agency’s programs, exploring of Jupiter, launches to Titan and Venus and about the future plans in the second instalment of our series devoted to the history of ESA.
2023 is coming to an end, so it’s time to look back and remember all the space achievements. India’s arrival on the moon, Europe’s long-term Jupiter mission, the return of asteroid samples to Earth, the latest dark energy and matter telescopes, and even North Korean spy satellites
We talked about the history of the study of Mars and the first interplanetary missions. Today, we’ll talk about current research on the Red Planet: interplanetary probes, mapping of Mars’s surface, the USSR’s landing failures and the era of NASA’s rovers from Spirit and Opportunity to Perseverance.
The history of Europe as a global space player is full of difficulties and obstacles. After World War II, many outstanding astrophysicists and designers left the Old World. However, a certain percentage of scientists remained to work in Europe. This is the story of the European Space Agency (ESA).
Mars has been in the spotlight of both scientists and ordinary people for several centuries. Many see it as a potential second home that could save our civilization from extinction. Others hope to find life there. Others still view the planet as an example of a “failed Earth”
Signing the Budapest Memorandum, Ukrainian leadership believed that Ukraine’s extensive stocks of anti-aircraft weapons would be enough. Today Ukraine is investing a lot of money both in the modernization of Soviet ballistic missiles and in the construction of new types of modern missile weapons.
For seven decades, Pluto was known as the ninth planet in the solar system. Its orbit was thought to mark a boundary followed by a vast void extending all the way to the Oort cloud. We now know that this is not true. Pluto is not a lonely wanderer but only one of many icy bodies.